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Search for "removable directing group" in Full Text gives 4 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets
- Renato L. Carvalho,
- Amanda S. de Miranda,
- Mateus P. Nunes,
- Roberto S. Gomes,
- Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
- Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Schematic overview of transition metals studied in C–H activation processes.
Scheme 2: (A) Known biological activities related to benzimidazole-based compounds; (B and C) an example of a...
Scheme 3: (A) Known biological activities related to quinoline-based compounds; (B and C) an example of a sca...
Scheme 4: (A) Known biological activities related to sulfur-containing compounds; (B and C) an example of a s...
Scheme 5: (A) Known biological activities related to aminoindane derivatives; (B and C) an example of a scand...
Scheme 6: (A) Known biological activities related to norbornane derivatives; (B and C) an example of a scandi...
Scheme 7: (A) Known biological activities related to aniline derivatives; (B and C) an example of a titanium-...
Scheme 8: (A) Known biological activities related to cyclohexylamine derivatives; (B) an example of an intram...
Scheme 9: (A) Known biologically active benzophenone derivatives; (B and C) photocatalytic oxidation of benzy...
Scheme 10: (A) Known bioactive fluorine-containing compounds; (B and C) vanadium-mediated C(sp3)–H fluorinatio...
Scheme 11: (A) Known biologically active Lythraceae alkaloids; (B) synthesis of (±)-decinine (30).
Scheme 12: (A) Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-boehmeriasin (31); (B) synthesis of phenanthroindolizidines by vanadi...
Scheme 13: (A) Known bioactive BINOL derivatives; (B and C) vanadium-mediated oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol...
Scheme 14: (A) Known antiplasmodial imidazopyridazines; (B) practical synthesis of 41.
Scheme 15: (A) Gold-catalyzed drug-release mechanism using 2-alkynylbenzamides; (B and C) chromium-mediated al...
Scheme 16: (A) Examples of anti-inflammatory benzaldehyde derivatives; (B and C) chromium-mediated difunctiona...
Scheme 17: (A and B) Manganese-catalyzed chemoselective intramolecular C(sp3)–H amination; (C) late-stage modi...
Scheme 18: (A and B) Manganese-catalyzed C(sp3)–H amination; (C) late-stage modification of a leelamine deriva...
Scheme 19: (A) Known bioactive compounds containing substituted N-heterocycles; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed ...
Scheme 20: (A) Known indoles that present GPR40 full agonist activity; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H alkyl...
Scheme 21: (A) Examples of known biaryl-containing drugs; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H arylation through ...
Scheme 22: (A) Known zidovudine derivatives with potent anti-HIV properties; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H...
Scheme 23: (A and B) Manganese-catalyzed C–H organic photo-electrosynthesis; (C) late-stage modification.
Scheme 24: (A) Example of a known antibacterial silylated dendrimer; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H silylat...
Scheme 25: (A and B) Fe-based small molecule catalyst applied for selective aliphatic C–H oxidations; (C) late...
Scheme 26: (A) Examples of naturally occurring gracilioethers; (B) the first total synthesis of gracilioether ...
Scheme 27: (A and B) Selective aliphatic C–H oxidation of amino acids; (C) late-stage modification of proline-...
Scheme 28: (A) Examples of Illicium sesquiterpenes; (B) first chemical synthesis of (+)-pseudoanisatin (80) in...
Scheme 29: (A and B) Fe-catalyzed deuteration; (C) late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals.
Scheme 30: (A and B) Biomimetic Fe-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes (PMHS, polymet...
Scheme 31: (A) Known tetrahydroquinolines with potential biological activities; (B and C) redox-selective Fe c...
Scheme 32: (A) Known drugs containing a benzofuran unit; (B and C) Fe/Cu-catalyzed tandem O-arylation to acces...
Scheme 33: (A) Known azaindolines that act as M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists; (B and C) intramo...
Scheme 34: (A) Known indolinones with anticholinesterase activity; (B and C) oxidative C(sp3)–H cross coupling...
Scheme 35: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H alkenylation of C-3-peptide-containing indoles; (C) derivatization b...
Scheme 36: (A) Cobalt-Cp*-catalyzed C–H methylation of known drugs; (B and C) scope of the o-methylated deriva...
Scheme 37: (A) Known lasalocid A analogues; (B and C) three-component cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond addition; (D) ...
Scheme 38: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2)–H amidation of thiostrepton.
Scheme 39: (A) Known 4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one derivatives with hypolipidemic activity; (B and C) cobalt-ca...
Scheme 40: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H arylation of pyrrole derivatives; (C) application for the synthesis ...
Scheme 41: (A) Known 2-phenoxypyridine derivatives with potent herbicidal activity; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed...
Scheme 42: (A) Natural cinnamic acid derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H carboxylation of terminal alk...
Scheme 43: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H borylation; (C) application to the synthesis of flurbiprofen.
Scheme 44: (A) Benzothiazoles known to present anticonvulsant activities; (B and C) cobalt/ruthenium-catalyzed...
Scheme 45: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed oxygenation of methylene groups towards ketone synthesis; (C) synthesis ...
Scheme 46: (A) Known anticancer tetralone derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H difluoroalkylation of ar...
Scheme 47: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H thiolation; (C) application in the synthesis of quetiapine (153).
Scheme 48: (A) Known benzoxazole derivatives with anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial activities; (B and...
Scheme 49: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H carbonylation of naphthylamides; (C) BET inhibitors 158 and 159 tota...
Scheme 50: (A) Known bioactive pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-one derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H ...
Scheme 51: (A) Known antibacterial cyclic sulfonamides; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H amination of propargyli...
Scheme 52: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed intramolecular 1,5-C(sp3)–H amination; (C) late-stage functionalization ...
Scheme 53: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H/C–H cross-coupling between benzamides and oximes; (C) late-state syn...
Scheme 54: (A) Known anticancer natural isoquinoline derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2)–H annulati...
Scheme 55: (A) Enantioselective intramolecular nickel-catalyzed C–H activation; (B) bioactive obtained motifs;...
Scheme 56: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed α-C(sp3)–H arylation of ketones; (C) application of the method using kno...
Scheme 57: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H acylation of pyrrolidine derivatives; (C) exploring the use of ...
Scheme 58: (A) Nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation of dioxolane; (B) library of products obtained from biologi...
Scheme 59: (A) Intramolecular enantioselective nickel-catalyzed C–H cycloalkylation; (B) product examples, inc...
Scheme 60: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed C–H deoxy-arylation of azole derivatives; (C) late-stage functionalizati...
Scheme 61: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative C–H arylation of azole derivatives; (C) application of t...
Scheme 62: (A and B) Another important example of nickel-catalyzed C–H arylation of azole derivatives; (C) app...
Scheme 63: (A and B) Another notable example of a nickel-catalyzed C–H arylation of azole derivatives; (C) lat...
Scheme 64: (A and B) Nickel-based metalorganic framework (MOF-74-Ni)-catalyzed C–H arylation of azole derivati...
Scheme 65: (A) Known commercially available benzothiophene-based drugs; (B and C) nickel-catalyzed C–H arylati...
Scheme 66: (A) Known natural tetrahydrofuran-containing substances; (B and C) nickel-catalyzed photoredox C(sp3...
Scheme 67: (A and B) Another notable example of a nickel-catalyzed photoredox C(sp3)–H alkylation/arylation; (...
Scheme 68: (A) Electrochemical/nickel-catalyzed C–H alkoxylation; (B) achieved scope, including three using na...
Scheme 69: (A) Enantioselective photoredox/nickel catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation; (B) achieved scope, including ...
Scheme 70: (A) Known commercially available trifluoromethylated drugs; (B and C) nickel-catalyzed C–H trifluor...
Scheme 71: (A and B) Stereoselective nickel-catalyzed C–H difluoroalkylation; (C) late-stage functionalization...
Scheme 72: (A) Cu-mediated ortho-amination of oxalamides; (B) achieved scope, including derivatives obtained f...
Scheme 73: (A) Electro-oxidative copper-mediated amination of 8-aminoquinoline-derived amides; (B) achieved sc...
Scheme 74: (A and B) Cu(I)-mediated C–H amination with oximes; (C) derivatization using telmisartan (241) as s...
Scheme 75: (A and B) Cu-mediated amination of aryl amides using ammonia; (C) late-stage modification of proben...
Scheme 76: (A and B) Synthesis of purine nucleoside analogues using copper-mediated C(sp2)–H activation.
Scheme 77: (A) Copper-mediated annulation of acrylamide; (B) achieved scope, including the synthesis of the co...
Scheme 78: (A) Known bioactive compounds containing a naphthyl aryl ether motif; (B and C) copper-mediated eth...
Scheme 79: (A and B) Cu-mediated alkylation of N-oxide-heteroarenes; (C) late-stage modification.
Scheme 80: (A) Cu-mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling of polyfluoroarenes and alkanes; (B) scope from know...
Scheme 81: (A) Known anticancer acrylonitrile compounds; (B and C) Copper-mediated cyanation of unactivated al...
Scheme 82: (A) Cu-mediated radiofluorination of 8-aminoquinoline-derived aryl amides; (B) achieved scope, incl...
Scheme 83: (A) Examples of natural β-carbolines; (B and C) an example of a zinc-catalyzed C–H functionalizatio...
Scheme 84: (A) Examples of anticancer α-aminophosphonic acid derivatives; (B and C) an example of a zinc-catal...
Copper-mediated oxidative C−H/N−H activations with alkynes by removable hydrazides
- Feng Xiong,
- Bo Li,
- Chenrui Yang,
- Liang Zou,
- Wenbo Ma,
- Linghui Gu,
- Ruhuai Mei and
- Lutz Ackermann
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1591–1599, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.113
- : benzhydrazides; copper; 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-one; removable directing group; Introduction Inexpensive copper-promoted oxidative C−H activations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] have been recognized as competent tools for the efficient assembly and late-stage functionalization of organic molecules due to
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Assembly of 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-one via 3d transition metal-mediated/catalyzed oxidative C−H/N−...
Scheme 1: Copper-mediated oxidative C−H/N−H functionalization of hydrazides 1 with ethynylbenzene (2a).
Scheme 2: Copper-mediated oxidative C−H/N−H functionalization of 1 with alkynes 2.
Scheme 3: Decaboxylative C−H/N−H activation and cleavage of the directing group.
Scheme 4: Summary of key mechanistic findings.
Scheme 5: Proposed reaction pathway.
Recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed Csp2-monofluoro-, difluoro-, perfluoromethylation and trifluoromethylthiolation
- Grégory Landelle,
- Armen Panossian,
- Sergiy Pazenok,
- Jean-Pierre Vors and
- Frédéric R. Leroux
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2476–2536, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.287
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Pd-catalyzed monofluoromethylation of pinacol phenylboronate [44].
Scheme 2: Cu-catalyzed monofluoromethylation with 2-PySO2CHFCOR followed by desulfonylation [49].
Scheme 3: Cu-catalyzed difluoromethylation with α-silyldifluoroacetates [57].
Figure 1: Mechanism of the Cu-catalyzed C–CHF2 bond formation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids through dec...
Scheme 4: Fe-catalyzed decarboxylative difluoromethylation of cinnamic acids [62].
Scheme 5: Preliminary experiments for investigation of the mechanism of the C–H trifluoromethylation of N-ary...
Figure 2: Plausible catalytic cycle proposed by Z.-J. Shi et al. for the trifluoromethylation of acetanilides ...
Figure 3: Plausible catalytic cycle proposed by M. S. Sanford et al. for the perfluoroalkylation of simple ar...
Figure 4: Postulated reaction pathway for the Ag/Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides by Z. Q. W...
Figure 5: Postulated reaction mechanism for Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylation reaction using MTFA as trifluor...
Scheme 6: Formal Heck-type trifluoromethylation of vinyl(het)arenes by M. Sodeoka et al. [83].
Figure 6: Proposed catalytic cycle for the copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of (het)arenes in presence o...
Figure 7: Proposed catalytic cycle for the copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of N,N-disubstituted (hetero...
Figure 8: Proposed catalytic cycle by Y. Zhang and J. Wang et al. for the copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylati...
Figure 9: Mechanistic rationale for the trifluoromethylation of arenes in presence of Langlois’s reagent and ...
Scheme 7: Trifluoromethylation of 4-acetylpyridine with Langlois’s reagent by P. S. Baran et al. (* Stirring ...
Scheme 8: Catalytic copper-facilitated perfluorobutylation of benzene with C4F9I and benzoyl peroxide [90].
Figure 10: F.-L. Qing et al.’s proposed mechanism for the copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of (hetero)are...
Figure 11: Mechanism of the Cu-catalyzed/Ru-photocatalyzed trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation of ary...
Figure 12: Proposed mechanism for the Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl- and vinyl boronic acids with ...
Figure 13: Possible mechanism for the Cu-catalyzed decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of cinnamic acids [62].
Scheme 9: Ruthenium-catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of alkenes and (hetero)arenes with perfluoroalkylsulfonyl c...
Figure 14: N. Kamigata et al.’s proposed mechanism for the Ru-catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of alkenes and (he...
Figure 15: Proposed mechanism for the Ru-catalyzed photoredox trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes with trif...
Figure 16: Late-stage trifluoromethylation of pharmaceutically relevant molecules with trifluoromethanesulfony...
Figure 17: Proposed mechanism for the trifluoromethylation of alkenes with trifluoromethyl iodide under Ru-bas...
Scheme 10: Formal perfluoroakylation of terminal alkenes by Ru-catalyzed cross-metathesis with perfluoroalkyle...
Figure 18: One-pot Ir-catalyzed borylation/Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of complex small molecules by Q. ...
Figure 19: Mechanistic proposal for the Ni-catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of arenes and heteroarenes with perfl...
Scheme 11: Electrochemical Ni-catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of 2-phenylpyridine (Y. H. Budnikova et al.) [71].
Scheme 12: Fe(II)-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes with trifluoromethyl iodide (T. Ya...
Figure 20: Mechanistic proposal by T. Yamakawa et al. for the Fe(II)-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of arenes ...
Scheme 13: Ytterbium-catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of dihydropyran with perfluoroalkyl iodide (Y. Ding et al.) ...
Figure 21: Mechanistic proposal by A. Togni et al. for the rhenium-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of arenes an...
Figure 22: Mechanism of the Cu-catalyzed oxidative trifluoromethylthiolation of arylboronic acids with TMSCF3 ...
Scheme 14: Removal of the 8-aminoquinoline auxiliary [136].
Figure 23: Mechanism of the Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of C–H bonds with a trifluoromethanesulfony...
C2-Alkylation of N-pyrimidylindole with vinylsilane via cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond activation
- Zhenhua Ding and
- Naohiko Yoshikai
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1536–1542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.174
- pyrimidyl group functions as a readily removable directing group [34]. We also reported an ortho-alkylation reaction of aromatic imines with vinylsilanes and simple olefins using a cobalt–phenanthroline catalyst (Scheme 1b) [35]. Building on these studies, we have developed a cobalt–bathocuproine catalyst
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: (a) Cobalt-catalyzed C2-alkenylation of N-pyrimidylindole, (b) ortho-alkylation of aryl imine, and ...
Scheme 2: Addition of N-pyrimidylindoles to vinylsilanes.
Scheme 3: Addition of N-pyrimidylindole to norbornene (a) and 1-octene (b).
Scheme 4: Gram-scale reaction and deprotection of N-pyrimidyl group.
